```html
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="zh-CN">
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
    <title>数据库分库分表策略详解</title>
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    <script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/mermaid@latest/dist/mermaid.min.js"></script>
    <style>
        body {
            font-family: 'Noto Sans SC', Tahoma, Arial, Roboto, "Droid Sans", "Helvetica Neue", "Droid Sans Fallback", "Heiti SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", Simsun, sans-serif;
            color: #333;
            line-height: 1.6;
        }
        h1, h2, h3, h4 {
            font-family: 'Noto Serif SC', serif;
            font-weight: 600;
            color: #2d3748;
        }
        .hero-gradient {
            background: linear-gradient(135deg, #667eea 0%, #764ba2 100%);
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            transition: all 0.3s ease;
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            transform: translateY(-5px);
            box-shadow: 0 10px 25px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);
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        .footer-link:hover {
            color: #a0aec0;
            transform: translateX(5px);
        }
    </style>
</head>
<body class="bg-gray-50">
    <!-- Hero Section -->
    <section class="hero-gradient text-white py-20 px-4">
        <div class="container mx-auto max-w-5xl">
            <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row items-center">
                <div class="md:w-1/2 mb-10 md:mb-0 md:pr-10">
                    <h1 class="text-4xl md:text-5xl font-bold mb-6">数据库分库分表<br>架构设计指南</h1>
                    <p class="text-xl mb-8 opacity-90">应对高并发与大数据量的现代数据库解决方案</p>
                    <div class="flex space-x-4">
                        <span class="inline-flex items-center px-3 py-1 rounded-full bg-white bg-opacity-20 text-sm">
                            <i class="fas fa-database mr-2"></i> 高性能
                        </span>
                        <span class="inline-flex items-center px-3 py-1 rounded-full bg-white bg-opacity-20 text-sm">
                            <i class="fas fa-expand-arrows-alt mr-2"></i> 可扩展
                        </span>
                        <span class="inline-flex items-center px-3 py-1 rounded-full bg-white bg-opacity-20 text-sm">
                            <i class="fas fa-shield-alt mr-2"></i> 高可用
                        </span>
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="md:w-1/2">
                    <div class="bg-white bg-opacity-10 p-6 rounded-xl backdrop-blur-sm">
                        <div class="mermaid">
                            graph TD
                                A[单数据库] -->|数据增长| B(分库分表)
                                B --> C[分库]
                                B --> D[分表]
                                C --> E[订单库]
                                C --> F[用户库]
                                C --> G[商品库]
                                D --> H[range分区]
                                D --> I[hash取模]
                        </div>
                    </div>
                </div>
            </div>
        </div>
    </section>

    <!-- Main Content -->
    <main class="container mx-auto max-w-5xl py-12 px-4">
        <!-- Why Sharding Section -->
        <section class="mb-20">
            <div class="flex items-center mb-8">
                <div class="w-12 h-12 rounded-full bg-indigo-100 flex items-center justify-center mr-4">
                    <i class="fas fa-question-circle text-indigo-600 text-xl"></i>
                </div>
                <h2 class="text-3xl font-bold">为什么需要分库分表</h2>
            </div>

            <div class="grid md:grid-cols-2 gap-8 mb-12">
                <!-- Why Shard Database -->
                <div class="bg-white p-6 rounded-xl shadow-md card-hover">
                    <div class="flex items-center mb-4">
                        <div class="w-10 h-10 rounded-full bg-purple-100 flex items-center justify-center mr-3">
                            <i class="fas fa-database text-purple-600"></i>
                        </div>
                        <h3 class="text-xl font-semibold">为什么需要分库</h3>
                    </div>
                    <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4">如果业务量剧增，数据库可能会出现性能瓶颈，这时候我们就需要考虑拆分数据库。</p>
                    
                    <div class="space-y-4">
                        <div class="flex items-start">
                            <div class="flex-shrink-0 mt-1">
                                <div class="w-6 h-6 rounded-full bg-indigo-100 flex items-center justify-center mr-3">
                                    <i class="fas fa-hdd text-indigo-600 text-xs"></i>
                                </div>
                            </div>
                            <div>
                                <h4 class="font-medium">磁盘存储</h4>
                                <p class="text-gray-600 text-sm">业务量剧增，MySQL单机磁盘容量会撑爆，拆成多个数据库，磁盘使用率大大降低。</p>
                            </div>
                        </div>
                        
                        <div class="flex items-start">
                            <div class="flex-shrink-0 mt-1">
                                <div class="w-6 h-6 rounded-full bg-indigo-100 flex items-center justify-center mr-3">
                                    <i class="fas fa-users text-indigo-600 text-xs"></i>
                                </div>
                            </div>
                            <div>
                                <h4 class="font-medium">并发连接支撑</h4>
                                <p class="text-gray-600 text-sm">在高并发的场景下，大量请求访问数据库，MySQL单机是扛不住的！微服务架构下，把订单、用户、商品等不同模块拆分成多个应用和数据库，以分担读写压力。</p>
                            </div>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    
                    <div class="mt-6 image-container">
                        <img src="https://cdn.nlark.com/yuque/0/2022/png/21449790/1661263339963-5cac1fac-beda-4a8c-bd6b-2e3197f1c7cf.png" alt="分库示意图" class="w-full h-auto rounded-lg">
                    </div>
                </div>

                <!-- Why Shard Table -->
                <div class="bg-white p-6 rounded-xl shadow-md card-hover">
                    <div class="flex items-center mb-4">
                        <div class="w-10 h-10 rounded-full bg-blue-100 flex items-center justify-center mr-3">
                            <i class="fas fa-table text-blue-600"></i>
                        </div>
                        <h3 class="text-xl font-semibold">为什么需要分表</h3>
                    </div>
                    <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4">数据量太大的话，SQL的查询就会变慢。即使SQL命中了索引，大数据量表查询性能也会下降。</p>
                    
                    <div class="space-y-4">
                        <div class="flex items-start">
                            <div class="flex-shrink-0 mt-1">
                                <div class="w-6 h-6 rounded-full bg-blue-100 flex items-center justify-center mr-3">
                                    <i class="fas fa-search text-blue-600 text-xs"></i>
                                </div>
                            </div>
                            <div>
                                <h4 class="font-medium">查询性能问题</h4>
                                <p class="text-gray-600 text-sm">如果一个查询SQL没命中索引，千百万数据量级的表可能会拖垮整个数据库。</p>
                            </div>
                        </div>
                        
                        <div class="flex items-start">
                            <div class="flex-shrink-0 mt-1">
                                <div class="w-6 h-6 rounded-full bg-blue-100 flex items-center justify-center mr-3">
                                    <i class="fas fa-tree text-blue-600 text-xs"></i>
                                </div>
                            </div>
                            <div>
                                <h4 class="font-medium">B+树高度问题</h4>
                                <p class="text-gray-600 text-sm">即使命中索引，数据量超过一千万时，B+树高度增加导致查询变慢。</p>
                            </div>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    
                    <div class="mt-6 image-container">
                        <img src="https://cdn.nlark.com/yuque/0/2022/png/21449790/1661263474531-acd2b4e2-b6f9-4e32-80cf-27fc8da3c8e6.png" alt="分表示意图" class="w-full h-auto rounded-lg">
                    </div>
                </div>
            </div>

            <div class="bg-yellow-50 border-l-4 border-yellow-400 p-6 rounded-r-lg mb-8">
                <div class="flex items-start">
                    <div class="flex-shrink-0">
                        <i class="fas fa-lightbulb text-yellow-600 text-xl mr-3 mt-1"></i>
                    </div>
                    <div>
                        <h3 class="font-bold text-lg text-yellow-800 mb-2">关键决策点</h3>
                        <p class="text-yellow-700"><span class="font-semibold">如果并发高就分库，如果数据量大就分表，两者都存在则既分库也分表。</span></p>
                    </div>
                </div>
            </div>
        </section>

        <!-- Sharding Strategies Section -->
        <section class="mb-20">
            <div class="flex items-center mb-8">
                <div class="w-12 h-12 rounded-full bg-green-100 flex items-center justify-center mr-4">
                    <i class="fas fa-chess-board text-green-600 text-xl"></i>
                </div>
                <h2 class="text-3xl font-bold">分库分表策略</h2>
            </div>

            <div class="grid md:grid-cols-2 gap-8">
                <!-- Range Strategy -->
                <div class="bg-white p-6 rounded-xl shadow-md card-hover">
                    <div class="flex items-center mb-4">
                        <div class="w-10 h-10 rounded-full bg-orange-100 flex items-center justify-center mr-3">
                            <i class="fas fa-arrows-alt-h text-orange-600"></i>
                        </div>
                        <h3 class="text-xl font-semibold">Range范围策略</h3>
                    </div>
                    <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4">按照范围策略划分表。比如将表的主键，按照从0~1000万的划分为一个表，1000~2000万划分到另外一个表。</p>
                    <p class="text-gray-600 text-sm mb-4">也可以按时间范围来划分，如不同年月的订单放到不同的表。</p>
                    
                    <div class="mt-4">
                        <div class="mermaid">
                            graph LR
                                A[原始表] -->|0-1000万| B[表1]
                                A -->|1000-2000万| C[表2]
                                A -->|2000-3000万| D[表3]
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    
                    <div class="mt-6 image-container">
                        <img src="https://cdn.nlark.com/yuque/0/2022/png/21449790/1661263695834-2c7212ab-8949-4331-aa81-236fa271c072.png" alt="Range分表示意图" class="w-full h-auto rounded-lg">
                    </div>
                </div>

                <!-- Hash Strategy -->
                <div class="bg-white p-6 rounded-xl shadow-md card-hover">
                    <div class="flex items-center mb-4">
                        <div class="w-10 h-10 rounded-full bg-teal-100 flex items-center justify-center mr-3">
                            <i class="fas fa-hashtag text-teal-600"></i>
                        </div>
                        <h3 class="text-xl font-semibold">Hash取模策略</h3>
                    </div>
                    <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4">使用指定的路由key（如user_id、订单id）对分表总数进行取模，把数据分散到各个表中。</p>
                    
                    <div class="bg-gray-50 p-4 rounded-lg mb-4">
                        <code class="text-sm">
                            // 示例: id=1，对4取模，得到1，放到t_order_1<br>
                            // id=3，对4取模，得到3，放到t_order_3
                        </code>
                    </div>
                    
                    <div class="mt-4">
                        <div class="mermaid">
                            graph LR
                                A[原始订单表] -->|hash(id) mod 4=0| B[表0]
                                A -->|hash(id) mod 4=1| C[表1]
                                A -->|hash(id) mod 4=2| D[表2]
                                A -->|hash(id) mod 4=3| E[表3]
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    
                    <div class="mt-6 image-container">
                        <img src="https://cdn.nlark.com/yuque/0/2022/png/21449790/1661263830883-d8a6ef19-ebd3-4326-86c6-f95187dbb0b3.png" alt="Hash分表示意图" class="w-full h-auto rounded-lg">
                    </div>
                </div>
            </div>
        </section>

        <!-- Pros and Cons Section -->
        <section class="mb-20">
            <div class="flex items-center mb-8">
                <div class="w-12 h-12 rounded-full bg-red-100 flex items-center justify-center mr-4">
                    <i class="fas fa-balance-scale text-red-600 text-xl"></i>
                </div>
                <h2 class="text-3xl font-bold">分库分表的优势与挑战</h2>
            </div>

            <div class="grid md:grid-cols-2 gap-8">
                <!-- Pros -->
                <div class="pros-cons-card border-indigo-500 bg-white p-6 rounded-lg shadow-md">
                    <div class="flex items-center mb-4">
                        <div class="w-10 h-10 rounded-full bg-indigo-100 flex items-center justify-center mr-3">
                            <i class="fas fa-thumbs-up text-indigo-600"></i>
                        </div>
                        <h3 class="text-xl font-semibold">优势</h3>
                    </div>
                    
                    <ul class="space-y-4">
                        <li class="flex items-start">
                            <span class="flex-shrink-0 w-6 h-6 rounded-full bg-indigo-100 flex items-center justify-center mr-3">
                                <i class="fas fa-bolt text-indigo-600 text-xs"></i>
                            </span>
                            <div>
                                <h4 class="font-medium">性能提升</h4>
                                <p class="text-gray-600 text-sm">将大型表拆分成多个小表，有助于减少单个表的数据量，从而提高数据库查询和写入的性能。</p>
                            </div>
                        </li>
                        
                        <li class="flex items-start">
                            <span class="flex-shrink-0 w-6 h-6 rounded-full bg-indigo-100 flex items-center justify-center mr-3">
                                <i class="fas fa-shield-alt text-indigo-600 text-xs"></i>
                            </span>
                            <div>
                                <h4 class="font-medium">可用性提高</h4>
                                <p class="text-gray-600 text-sm">通过分散数据负载，减轻每个数据库的压力，有助于提高整个系统的可用性和稳定性。</p>
                            </div>
                        </li>
                        
                        <li class="flex items-start">
                            <span class="flex-shrink-0 w-6 h-6 rounded-full bg-indigo-100 flex items-center justify-center mr-3">
                                <i class="fas fa-expand text-indigo-600 text-xs"></i>
                            </span>
                            <div>
                                <h4 class="font-medium">横向扩展</h4>
                                <p class="text-gray-600 text-sm">随着数据量的增长，通过添加更多的数据库和表，实现横向扩展，而不需要对现有系统进行大规模修改。</p>
                            </div>
                        </li>
                        
                        <li class="flex items-start">
                            <span class="flex-shrink-0 w-6 h-6 rounded-full bg-indigo-100 flex items-center justify-center mr-3">
                                <i class="fas fa-cogs text-indigo-600 text-xs"></i>
                            </span>
                            <div>
                                <h4 class="font-medium">灵活性</h4>
                                <p class="text-gray-600 text-sm">可根据不同的业务需求，选择灵活的分库分表策略，以适应各种规模和性能要求的应用场景。</p>
                            </div>
                        </li>
                    </ul>
                </div>

                <!-- Cons -->
                <div class="pros-cons-card border-red-500 bg-white p-6 rounded-lg shadow-md">
                    <div class="flex items-center mb-4">
                        <div class="w-10 h-10 rounded-full bg-red-100 flex items-center justify-center mr-3">
                            <i class="fas fa-exclamation-triangle text-red-600"></i>
                        </div>
                        <h3 class="text-xl font-semibold">挑战</h3>
                    </div>
                    
                    <ul class="space-y-4">
                        <li class="flex items-start">
                            <span class="flex-shrink-0 w-6 h-6 rounded-full bg-red-100 flex items-center justify-center mr-3">
                                <i class="fas fa-sync-alt text-red-600 text-xs"></i>
                            </span>
                            <div>
                                <h4 class="font-medium">数据一致性挑战</h4>
                                <p class="text-gray-600 text-sm">分库分表引入了数据同步和分布式事务的复杂性，需要仔细解决数据一致性问题。</p>
                            </div>
                        </li>
                        
                        <li class="flex items-start">
                            <span class="flex-shrink-0 w-6 h-6 rounded-full bg-red-100 flex items-center justify-center mr-3">
                                <i class="fas fa-search-plus text-red-600 text-xs"></i>
                            </span>
                            <div>
                                <h4 class="font-medium">跨库查询复杂性</h4>
                                <p class="text-gray-600 text-sm">在分库分表的架构中，跨库查询可能导致性能下降，需要巧妙设计数据查询策略以应对这一复杂性。</p>
                            </div>
                        </li>
                        
                        <li class="flex items-start">
                            <span class="flex-shrink-0 w-6 h-6 rounded-full bg-red-100 flex items-center justify-center mr-3">
                                <i class="fas fa-random text-red-600 text-xs"></i>
                            </span>
                            <div>
                                <h4 class="font-medium">分布式事务管理</h4>
                                <p class="text-gray-600 text-sm">分库分表牵涉到多个数据库的操作，需要考虑有效的分布式事务管理和处理方式，以确保系统的一致性。</p>
                            </div>
                        </li>
                    </ul>
                </div>
            </div>
        </section>

        <!-- Summary Section -->
        <section class="bg-indigo-50 p-8 rounded-2xl">
            <div class="text-center">
                <h2 class="text-2xl font-bold text-indigo-800 mb-4">分库分表实施要点总结</h2>
                <div class="max-w-3xl mx-auto">
                    <p class="text-indigo-700 mb-6">分库分表是解决数据库性能瓶颈的有效手段，但需要根据业务场景选择合适策略，权衡其优势与挑战，确保系统在扩展性和一致性之间取得平衡。</p>
                    <div class="flex flex-wrap justify-center gap-4">
                        <span class="inline-flex items-center px-4 py-2 rounded-full bg-white shadow-sm text-sm font-medium text-indigo-700">
                            <i class="fas fa-check-circle text-indigo-500 mr-2"></i> 评估业务需求
                        </span>
                        <span class="inline-flex items-center px-4 py-2 rounded-full bg-white shadow-sm text-sm font-medium text-indigo-700">
                            <i class="fas fa-check-circle text-indigo-500 mr-2"></i> 选择合适的策略
                        </span>
                        <span class="inline-flex items-center px-4 py-2 rounded-full bg-white shadow-sm text-sm font-medium text-indigo-700">
                            <i class="fas fa-check-circle text-indigo-500 mr-2"></i> 设计数据路由
                        </span>
                        <span class="inline-flex items-center px-4 py-2 rounded-full bg-white shadow-sm text-sm font-medium text-indigo-700">
                            <i class="fas fa-check-circle text-indigo-500 mr-2"></i> 解决一致性问题
                        </span>
                    </div>
                </div>
            </div>
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